Law in Quebec

News about Quebec legal developments


Canadian Charter

  • Quebec Appeal Court rejects constitutional challenge over kafala

    A constitutional challenge against federal and Quebec regulations that allow Canadian residents to sponsor a child for family reunification only if the child is their biological or adoptive child was rebuffed by the Quebec Court of Appeal in a ruling that underlines the challenges facing Canadian citizens or residents of Muslim faith who want to sponsor a child though kafala, a form of legal guardianship in Muslim law countries.

    The decision, while not surprising, continues to put Canadians of Muslim faith in a bind as it compels them to transgress their religious beliefs to adopt, and is expected to make it more arduous for them to sponsor a child under kafala, according to legal experts. The ruling also confirms that only the Western family model is recognized as valid for starting a family in Canada, maintain some pundits.

    “If you’re a Muslim who respects your faith through kafala, a form of care deeply rooted in Islamic tradition, Canada is closing the door on you,” remarked Awatif Lakhdar, a kafala expert and a Montreal family lawyer with Lavery. “Unfortunately, kafala is not equivalent to full adoption, and the current sponsorship system does not facilitate family reunification for a person who has resorted to kafala.”

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  • Quebec ordered to pay $164 million for Charter breach in class action suit

    The Quebec government has been ordered by Superior Court to pay a staggering $164 million in compensatory damages, plus interest, for knowingly violating the rights of thousands of individuals who were arrested and illegally detained for a longer period of time permitted by the Criminal Code prior to appearing before a Justice of the Peace.

    The comprehensive decision by Quebec Superior Justice Donald Bisson reveals that during a five-year stretch, from 2015 to 2020, the Quebec government stopped offering court appearances on Sundays and statutory holidays due to austerity measures, and failed “in their obligation” to put in place a system that complies with section 503 of the Criminal Code, “knowing full well that their flawed appearance system led to the systemic violation of the fundamental rights” of some 24,000 individuals.

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  • Provisions of provincial law abolishing school boards unconstitutional rules Quebec Appeal Court

    The Quebec Court of Appeal confirmed that certain provisions of a provincial law that abolished school boards unjustifiably infringe the rights guaranteed to Quebec’s minority language groups by the Canadian Charter, a ruling deemed by the English community as a sweeping win.

    In a “very-well written, well-reasoned judgment” that examined the nature and scope of the rights conferred by section 23 of the Charter, which guarantees minority language educational rights, the Appeal Court mostly upheld a lower court ruling that found sections of Bill 40 are inoperative to Quebec’s English-language school boards.

    The Quebec government announced in late May that it will seek leave to appeal before the Supreme Court of Canada.

    “It’s a perfectly sound, well-reasoned judgment from a legal standpoint, but I’m not surprised by the ruling,” remarked Érik Labelle Eastaugh, Dean, Faculty of law at the Université de Moncton and former head of the International Observatory on Language Rights. “Not surprising, but it’s an important judgment, given that it deals with certain issues that had never been squarely addressed by the courts until now.”

    Stéphane Beaulac, professor of constitutional law at the Université de Montréal, specializing in language law, and counsel at Dentons Canada in Montreal, too believes that the Appeal Court’s “well-reasoned” ruling “clears up questions” while “giving ample context” over the issues raised by s. 23 of the Charter. But Beaulac asserts that the Quebec Appeal Court may have too broadly defined the scope of the English-language minority community in Quebec covered by s. 23 of the Charter.

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  • Quebec legislative agenda raises concerns

    The Quebec government is on a disheartening roll.

    A series of legislative proposals introduced this year by the unpopular provincial government have dismayed First Nations, human rights advocates, labour organizations, legal actors and public figures over the dilution of long-standing rights, many of whom intend to mount legal challenges.

    In fact, it has already begun.

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  • Quebec Superior Court orders amendments to Civil Code to recognize multi-parent families

    In a landmark decision that redefines the legal framework for parenthood in Quebec, Superior Court has given the provincial government 12 months to amend the Civil Code to introduce a new system of filiation that would make it possible to legally recognize more than two parents for the same child.

    The ruling, described by lawyers who successfully pled the case as a “very important for the development” of family law in Quebec, held that the provisions of the Civil Code that limit filiation to two parents is discriminatory and violates the right to equality guaranteed by section 15(1) of the Canadian Charter. Quebec Superior Court Justice Andres Garin found that it is “appropriate” to recognize family status “in the sense of belonging to a particular family model, including a multi-parent family” as an analogous ground of prohibited discrimination enumerated in s. 15(1) of the Canadian Charter – and that such discrimination could not be justified under s. 1 of the Charter. Membership, added Justice Garin, in a particular family model is an immutable personal characteristic.

    “Ultimately, the limit of two parent-child relationships sends the message to multi-parent families and to society in general that only so-called ‘normal’ families, with a maximum of two parents, represent valid family structures worthy of legal recognition,” held Justice Garin in V.M. c. Directeur de l’État civil, 2025 QCCS 1304. “This message reinforces and perpetuates the disadvantage suffered by those who live in a non-traditional family model. Ultimately, the difference in treatment is discriminatory and violates the right to equality guaranteed by s. 15(1) of the Canadian Charter.”

    The Quebec government has announced that it will appeal the decision.

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  • Alleged Darknet Xanax Kingpin faces extradition

    The “Darknet Xanax Kingpin,” ostensibly a Quebecer who allegedly sold over 15 million counterfeit Xanax tablets that were mainly exported to the United States, failed to thwart extradition proceedings against him after Quebec Superior Court dismissed his constitutional arguments.

    U.S. authorities are seeking the extradition of the Quebecer so that he can be prosecuted in the state of Connecticut for the sale and distribution of controlled substances. It is alleged that the Quebecer, who cannot be identified due to a publication ban, operated a “very large-scale” drug sales network, mainly using crypto-markets, otherwise known as Darknet markets.

    Evidence contained in the certified extradition file shows that the Quebecer engaged in clandestine activities that generated huge profits for himself and his associates, assert U.S. authorities. In conversations on chat rooms, he described himself as the “Darknet Xanax Kingpin”, claiming to have sold over 15 million counterfeit Xanax tablets, mainly exported to the United States. He also allegedly distributed fentanyl or its derivatives, “a highly harmful drug causing serious harm and death to users.”

    The Quebecer challenged the constitutionality of several provisions of the Extradition Act. He argued that an extradition to the U.S. and eventual incarceration will leave him in a precarious and “unacceptable” health situation, and increase the risk of suicide in prison, because he is afflicted with Asperger’s Syndrome, a developmental disorder that’s part of the autism spectrum disorder.

    He also argued that the role currently vested in the Minister of Justice should largely be exercised by the extradition judge, at least as far as the constitutional rights guaranteed by the Charter are concerned. He also maintained that his extradition should be refused under section 24(1) of the Charter because he suffers from Asperger’s.

    Quebec Superior Justice Mario Longpré dismissed the arguments. In a 56-page decision in Procureur général du Canada (États-Unis d’Amérique) c. Beaudry, 2024 QCCS 1368, Justice Longpré concluded that the accused failed to establish that the federal Justice Minister “would be unable to determine whether his extradition would contravene the principles of fundamental justice guaranteed by section 7 of the Charter.”

    Justice Longpré added that the accused will be able to present all his arguments to the Minister, including his diagnosis of Asperger’s syndrome and the problems this condition creates in relation to possible extradition. If the Minister decides to extradite the Quebecer, he will still be able to seek judicial review before the Quebec Court of Appeal, where he will be able to argue that the Minister’s decision does not meet Charter requirements, noted Justice Longpré.

     

  • Controversy erupts after Quebec Appeal Court grants asylum seekers access to subsidized daycare

    Asylum seekers in Quebec, after waging a long legal battle, can now have access to subsidized daycare after the Quebec Court of Appeal found that a provincial policy was discriminatory in a decision hailed by legal experts but mired in political controversy.

    The Quebec government will however seek leave to appeal before the nation’s highest court, and has filed a request to stay the unanimous decision by the Quebec Appeal Court until the Supreme Court of Canada renders judgment in order to maintain the ban on access to subsidized daycare for asylum seekers.

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  • Landmark ruling curbs arbitrary police stops in racial profiling case

    An “obsolete” common law rule framed by a 1990 Supreme Court of Canada ruling and codified by the Quebec Highway Safety Code that allowed police to randomly conduct motor vehicle stops without cause was set aside by a landmark Quebec Superior Court decision that held it was in violation of the Canadian Charter and a “vector, even a safe harbour” for racial profiling against the Black community.

    In a decision hailed as historic as it recognizes that racial profiling is a reality that “weighs heavily” on Black communities, particularly Black drivers, Quebec Superior Court Justice Michel Yergeau held that the arbitrary power police have to carry out roadside stops without grounds is in breach of s. 7, 9 and notably 15.1 of the Charter, ostensibly the first time that s. 15 has been used to invalidate or declare inoperative a criminal provision, according to legal experts.

    “We’re not there yet but potentially this decision will have an impact everywhere in Canada,” noted Karine Joizil, a Montreal litigator with McCarthy Tétrault who represented the Canadian Association of Black Lawyers, intervenors in the case. “What struck me is the clarity of the decision, and what this judgment is not about. It’s not a judgement against roadblocks, against police work, or on the values of the police. It’s really a judgment about whether s. 636 (of the Quebec Highway Safety Code) is well drafted or has the effect of creating a prejudicial effect for a category of the population that is otherwise protected by rights guaranteed under the Charter. It’s a wise and timely decision.”

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  • New labour relations legal landscape on the horizon following Appeal Court decision

    A new legal landscape governing labour relations may be in the horizon in Quebec following a Court of Appeal decision that found that the provincial Labour Code breached the Canadian and Quebec Charters by prohibiting first-level managers from unionizing.

    “It’s a very important decision because it kind of creates a crack in the legislative scheme that we have in Quebec with regards to labour relations,” said Shwan Shaker, a labour and employer senior associate with Borden Ladner Gervais LLP. “It’s kind of opening a breach to allow low level managers to unionize. But it’s important to keep in mind that this is really case-by-case.”

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  • Quebec appeal court serves timely reminder over linguistic rights

    Less than a year after delivering a stinging rebuke to the Quebec government over recurring systemic unmitigated delays in securing trial transcripts that disproportionately affect English-speaking appellants, the Quebec Court of Appeal served a timely reminder over the importance of linguistic rights after it ordered a new trial for a convicted drug trafficker whose right to be tried in English was violated.

    The decision, brimming with practical guidance aimed particularly at trial judges and Crown prosecutors, reiterates that courts that hold criminal trials “must be institutionally bilingual,” restates that it strongly favours consecutive translation over simultaneous interpretation in criminal trials, and prohibits so-called whispering interpretation from being practiced as it is “inconsistent” with s. 530.1(g) of the Criminal Code and guidance issued by the Supreme Court of Canada in R. v. Tran, [1994] 2 S.C.R. 951.

    “This is a timely decision,” noted Martine Valois, a law professor at the Université de Montréal who wrote a book on judicial independence. “This is a problem, and it does no service to the accused or the justice system. This is not a political and linguistic issue, and it has nothing to do with the French fact in Quebec or the survival of French language. It’s really an issue over the rights of the accused (and ensuring that the) justice system be institutionally bilingual.”

    The ruling also underscores yet again that the Quebec justice system is plagued by a systemic lack of resources, added Quebec City criminal lawyer Julien Grégoire of Gagnon & Associés, avocats.

    “It’s very difficult to understand how, five years after the Jordan decision, we in Quebec can still find ourselves in this situation,” said Grégoire. “A major drug trafficker was granted, unfortunately but fittingly as far as I am concerned, a new trial to basically allow him to have access to fair justice in the language of his choice and in a process that minimally but truly respects his right to a trial in the language he understands best.”

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  • Quebec Superior Court upholds secularism bill exempts English-language schools

    Quebec’s controversial secularism law that bans religious symbols from being worn by government employees was largely upheld by Quebec Superior Court thanks to the provincial government’s use of the notwithstanding clause even though it disproportionately harms women, and particularly Muslim women.

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  • Landmark ruling for trans rights

    Quebec, once on the forefront of trans rights, is now joining the ranks of most Canadian jurisdictions after Quebec Superior Court declared unconstitutional several articles of the Civil Code of Quebec that discriminated against trans and non-binary people.

    In a long-awaited ruling by trans, non-binary and intersex people, the “critically important” decision affirms that having your identity acknowledged and recognized by the State is a core aspect of the right to equality and the right to dignity, assert legal experts. The judgment, lauded as the most sweeping in its scope in Canada involving the constitutional rights of trans people, found that six provisions of the Civil Code violated rights guaranteed by the Canadian Charter of Rights and the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms.

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  • Landmark decision issued by Quebec appeal court over the freedom of peaceful assembly

    Less than a month after the Quebec Court of Appeal struck down a Quebec City municipal bylaw that compelled organizers of public demonstrations to submit their plans and itinerary to city police, the City of Montreal officially shelved its own controversial protest bylaw.

    The landmark decision, commended as a “genuine advance” on the “least judicially explored freedom,” is the first decision by a Canadian appellate court that comprehensively examines the scope of the freedom of peaceful assembly (2c) as a separate Charter right, distinct from the freedom of expression (2b) or association (2d), according to legal experts.

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  • Municipal bylaw banning billboards is constitutional

    Three of Canada’s biggest sign companies have six months to demolish dozens of billboards in a trendy Montreal borough after the Quebec Court of Appeal held that a municipal bylaw banning outdoor advertising panels represents a minimal infringement on freedom of expression.

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  • Legislation that forced government lawyers and notaries back-to-work unconstitutional

    A Quebec court ruling that declared unconstitutional a special law that forced provincial government lawyers and notaries to put a halt to the longest Canadian strike by public civil servants may give them much-needed ammunition to persuade the Quebec government to introduce binding arbitration, according to legal experts.

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Law in Quebec
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